The Meadow Brown is one of our commonest and most widespread butterflies, and a familiar sight throughout the summer months. This species can be found in all parts of the British Isles, with the exception of the most mountainous regions and Shetland. This is a highly variable species with four named subspecies found in the British Isles, although the differences between them are often subtle. Subspecies: Maniola jurtina jurtina The nominate subspecies was first defined in Linnaeus (1758) as shown here (type locality: Europe, Africa). It is not found in the British Isles. Subspecies: Maniola jurtina insularis This subspecies was first defined in Thomson (1969) as shown here and as shown in this plate (type locality: Isle of Wight, England). This subspecies is found throughout England, Wales and Scotland south east of a line between Ayrshire in the south west and Moray in the north east. Maniola jurtina insularisMale: Upperside, mummy brown to sepia sometimes reaching an Erebia-like colouring when freshly emerged. In such cases the androconial brand is wholly or partly obscured. Over all of the wings is an iridescence (sometimes bluish, sometimes greenish) which is more pronounced than in Scandinavia or Central European forms, but somewhat less than in splendida. This iridescence is most strongly developed on the costal margin, on the androconial brand and on the basal area of the hindwings. The apical eyespot is well developed, usually with a very white pupil, larger than in typical jurtina - not often bipupilled, and hardly ever not pupilled - set in a well marked ring of bright fulvous. The sub-marginal band is usually quite well formed, but less so than in iernes. Underside. Forewing basal half almost always of a darker colour than the sub-apical band (in 98.96% of specimens examined), often taking on a dark rust or raw sienna tone, and in 93.27% of specimens the two shades were further divided by a well-marked line of darker colouring than either of the two parts. Only 6.73% of Swedish males had this line. The hindwings are very variable but the light medial band is less well marked than in iernes. However, this is frequently well defined and the darker areas sometimes take on a reddish shade. Spots on the band vary from 0-6, usually two.Female: Upperside. Ground colour mummy brown to sepia - hardly ever blackish. The fulvous below the apical eyespot (which is not infrequently bipupilled) is very variable in size but is usually fairly extensive, sometimes broken by the nervures, and often appearing on the hindwings. In this respect insularis is less bright than the other British races. The fulvous on the forewing often invades the central area, usually separated by scales of the ground colour as in iernes, but sometimes without such separation, as in splendida. The fulvous is of a darker (more red) colour than Swedish jurtina or French phormia occasionally reaching a colour similar to that of typical splendida.Underside. Discal area of a darker colour than the sub-marginal band - often strikingly so, and with a dividing transverse line of a much darker colour than either, approximately similar to that of the upperside ground colour. The hindwings have a well marked band, somewhat yellowish usually but can tend towards greyish as in hispulla. The general appearance of the underside is of contrast to a degree rarely found in Swedish jurtina. A long series looks quite different from the typical sub-species.insularis thus belongs to the same group of sub-species as cassiteridum, iernes and (perhaps) splendida which are characterised by the high degree of contrast reached on the underside of the forewings and, to a lesser extent, on the hindwings, also by the strongly developed transverse line on both sexes. It differs from cassiteridum in the lack of strong hispulla-form characters in the apical eyespot and the underside hindwing of the female, from iernes in its smaller size, less gynaikoptropic form of the male and more variable nature of the fulvous markings and from splendida in the less dark underside forewing of the male and the more yellow hindwing of the female. A feature of insularis is its heterogeneous nature, which ranges from close to (but distinct from) jurtina in Hertfordshire and some of the Midland counties, to an approach to cassiteridum in west Cornwall, splendida in central and north-west Scotland and iernes in any but mainly maritime localities throughout its range. It is one of the most variable races of jurtina (similar in this respect to phormia, to which it might be closely related) with the forms addenda Mousley, erymanthoides Strand, fracta Zweigelt and antiparvipuncta Leeds being not uncommon. Among the rarer forms which I have taken is anommata Vrty.Size: Average expanse - males 48.00 mm. Females 53.00 mm., not as variable as typical jurtina or phormia.Locality: Described from 230 males and 280 females from England, Wales, South Scotland and Central Scotland (mainly from Hampshire, Hertfordshire, Surrey, Cornwall, Dorset, North Wales, Berwickshire and Stirlingshire). Individual specimens from Hertfordshire and the south Midlands are hard to distinguish from Swedish jurtina except by its larger size, but these are not common. Types: Male Isle of Wight. Female allotype Isle of Wight together with paratypes in my own collection.
Subspecies: Maniola jurtina splendida This subspecies was first defined in White (1871) as shown here (type locality: Longa Island, Ross-Shire, Scotland). This subspecies is found in Scotland north west of a line between the Clyde Isles in the south west and Orkney in the north east. It is also found on the Isle of Man. The minimal description provided in White (1871) is elaborated in Graves (1930) whose re-description is subsequently questioned in Thomson (1969) and Thomson (1970). Thomson (1970) provides the most recent analysis of this subspecies, suggesting that there is significant variation between the various populations of splendida and that the characteristics described by Graves do not always apply. Thomson (1970) considers the following features to be those that distinguish splendida from insularis. Key distinguishing feature(s), taken from Dennis (1977), are highlighted. 1. Male forewing upperside. Fulvous areas more extensive on average than in insularis of south Britain. 2. Male underside. Darker than insularis and often suffused by dark scaling, but a form also occurs which displays a fair degree of contrast in the markings. 3. Male forewing underside. Outer margins, termen and medial transverse band (dividing the lighter sub-apical and basal areas) considerably darker than the southern form. 4. Female upperside. Fulvous areas extensive but very variable in extent, colour and form. 5. Female hindwing underside. Very variable nearly always with the medial line distally bordered with a streak of bright yellow or orange. Maniola jurtina splendidaLarger and brighter coloured; the apical spot of the front wing with two white dots. Found by Mr. A. Davidson in the island of Longa, on the west coast of Ross-shire. Mr. Davidson informs me that it is very plentiful in the island, and that it is the only form occurring there. Occasionally in Aberdeenshire (J. W. H. Traill). I have taken this variety in the island of Capri near Naples.
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Male Underside
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![Meadow Brown - imago - Ardnamurchan - Unknown date [Adrian Riley]](image_generator.php?src=phpBB/gallery/images/cache/3963993d09de98f30e0ab19912d9b464.jpg&r=223&g=246&b=216 "Meadow Brown - imago - Ardnamurchan - Unknown date [Adrian Riley]") |
Female Underside
Photo © Adrian Riley |
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Subspecies: Maniola jurtina iernes This subspecies was first defined in Graves (1930) (type locality: County Kerry, Ireland). This subspecies represents the population found in Ireland. This is the largest of the subspecies found in the British Isles and differs from the subspecies insularis as follows. This summary has been derived from Thomson (1969) and the key distinguishing feature(s), taken from Dennis (1977), highlighted: 1. Male forewing upperside has a well-defined orange band in which the eye spot sometimes has two pupils, or there are two separate eye spots. 2. Male forewing underside with an orange area that is divided into a lighter outer part and darker inner part, separated by a well-marked dark line. 3. Male and female hindwing underside with a contrasting medial band, and with tiny or absent spots. 4. Female forewing upperside with the orange band extending into the central part of the wing. 5. Female hindwing upperside usually with an orange patch. Maniola jurtina iernesMale: Average expanse 51.9 mm.; largest 57.5 mm., smallest 46 mm. Upperside. Ground-colour "mummy brown" to "sepia", with blue-green iridescence along the costal margin and traces of violet iridescence on the hind wings. Ocelli frequently bipupilled or doubled, set in well-marked fulvous rings. A fairly well-defined and usually regular submarginal band of "orange" or "ochraceous-orange" scaling in interspaces 4, 3, 2 and at times in 1b, broken by the dark venation in all cases, and in approximately half those examined partially veiled with dark scaling (cf. males of ssp. hispulla).Underside. Discal area of fore wings "ochraceous buff" to "ochraceous orange" with a mixture, less noticeable than in ssp. splendida, of dark scales. Apical area and termen of the same ground-colour as the hind wing, the basal edge of the termen darkened in 2 and 3. Transverse line often more strongly marked than in English and Swedish jurtina. Hind wings with the lighter band and dark medial line more strongly marked than in average English and Swedish and North German jurtina, so that the underside somewhat resembles that of females of the typical subspecies. Ground-colour of various shades of olive grey, ranging from "citrine-drab" to "greyish-olive" in the basal portion and from "light greyish olive" to "deep olive buff" on the band. Submarginal ocelli minute or absent. The whole wing powdered, sometimes greatly darkened, with small blackish striae.Female: Average expanse 55.6 mm.; largest 62 mm., smallest 50 mm.Upperside. Ground-colour "mummy brown" to "sepia." Band of fore wings broad, well defined, the transverse dark border being particularly well marked, "orange", less frequently "ochraceous orange," broken by the dark venation. Discoidal area sometimes with, sometimes without "orange" or "ochraceous orange" scaling, which scarcely ever breaks through the transverse line bordering the band basally, as it does in ssp. splendida and in some English jurtina. Hind wing unicolorous or with an "ochraceous orange" point; an orange band or beginning of a band more or less suffused by dark scaling, occupying two or more than two interspaces in more than half the specimens examined. Subapical ocelli usually very large and often bipupilled.Underside. Discal area of fore wings usually approximating to "Mars yellow" in its darker basal portion, outwardly nearer "raw sienna," though the uneven mixture of dark scaling generally and of pale scaling near the apex makes it difficult to describe the colour accurately. Costa and broad termen of the same ground-colour as the hind wings, save near the tornus, where it is "raw umber" or "Brussels brown" mixed with black scales. The inner marginal area mostly black. The transverse line usually very strongly marked. Hind wings washed with "orange" or "ochraceous" orange, giving a very bright effect. The darker area basewards of the medial line "buckthorn brown" to "old gold", the medial line varying from "hazel" to "burnt sienna", the discal band broad, near "old gold." Submarginal area of the same general colour as the basal area. The whole wing fairly uniformly marked with blackish striae.Locality: Described from a long series in my collection from Kerry, Irish Free State, mostly taken in the baronies of South Dunkerron, Magunihy and Iveragh. The jurtina of Sligo and S. Mayo (Connaught), Cork and Waterford (Munster), and Donegal, Derry, Tyrone and Monaghan (Ulster) certainly correspond in essentials of facies with the Kerry jurtina iernes.Type: Male in my collection, allotype female in my collection. Paratypes in my collection and in B.M. Collection. The description is based upon the examination of 115 males and 141 females from Kerry, taken in July and August, 1928 and 1929.
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![Meadow Brown - imago - Craggagh, Clare - Unknown date [Adrian Riley]](image_generator.php?src=phpBB/gallery/images/cache/845444838bc0c98b9f68cf03bd074733.jpg&r=223&g=246&b=216 "Meadow Brown - imago - Craggagh, Clare - Unknown date [Adrian Riley]") |
Female Underside
Photo © Adrian Riley |
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Subspecies: Maniola jurtina cassiteridum This subspecies was first defined in Graves (1930) (type locality: Isles of Scilly, England). This subspecies is found in the Isles of Scilly, off the coast of West Cornwall. This subspecies differs from the subspecies insularis as follows. This summary has been derived from Thomson (1969) and the key distinguishing feature(s), taken from Dennis (1977), highlighted: 1. Male forewing upperside has a well-defined orange band in which the eye spot sometimes has two pupils, or there are two separate eye spots. 2. Male forewing underside more unicolorous orange, but with inner and outer areas separated with a distinct line. 3. Male hindwing underside with a more pronounced medial band, but less so than ssp. iernes. Prominent flecks across the wing and with well-developed eye spots that are often ringed with orange and with white pupils. 4. Female forewing upperside with the orange band extending into the central part of the wing. 5. Female forewing underside has more contrast between the darker inner and lighter outer orange areas, which are separated by a brown line. 6. Female hindwing underside heavily flecked with dark brown and is more variegated than any other subspecies, with a greyish buff rather than a yellowish or orange wash. The medial band is often very light in colour and has an irregular outer edge. Maniola jurtina cassiteridumMale: Average expanse 49.22 mm. in the short series measured. Certainly smaller than iernes. Upperside as in iernes. Underside. Fore wings of a more uniform ground-colour than iernes with less heavily marked transverse bands, the apical area and termen more heavily striated. Hind wings of various shades of olive with more numerous and heavy striae than in iernes, the medial line less strongly marked than in Irish, but more so than in English or Swedish specimens. The distal portion of the wing sometimes showing traces of a paler band as in the female. Ocelli in interspaces 2 and 5, but sometimes more numerous. Those in 2 and 5, though small, are much more conspicuous than is the case with normal Swedish and English jurtina, being ringed with bright yellow and strongly-pupilled with white.Female: Average expanse of 23 specimens measured 53.15 mm.Upperside as in iernes, but the hispulla-like bands of the hind wings when present are clearer and better defined than in Irish specimens.Underside. Fore wing with less pronounced transverse bands and less dark scaling mixed with the ground-colour, and on the termen near the tornus and in the inner marginal area, than in ssp. iernes. The "light brownish olive" (pl. xxx) or "ecru-olive" of the apical area and termen marked with numerous striae. Hind wing usually lighter and more variegated than in ssp. iernes with a buff rather than an orange or orange-yellow wash, the medial line less pronounced than in ssp. iernes, but more so than in nomino-typical and normal English jurtina, the band wide, pale, often "chamois" or "cream buff" (loc. cit.), frequently invading the darker submarginal area irregularly. The whole wing marked with very numerous coarse dark striae of large size, and having in consequence of this and of the ground-colour a "grained" and mottled appearance that is very characteristic.Locality: The Scilly Isles. Occasional individuals with numerous transitional specimens (ssp. cassiteridum trans ad. jurtina) and normal jurtina occur together in West Cornwall, e. g. at Mullion, Lizard Pen.Types: Male and allotype female in the British Museum. Paratypes of both sexes in British, Oxford (Hope Coll.) and Tring Museums.
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![Meadow Brown - imago - St Marys, Isles of Scilly - Unknown date [Adrian Riley]](image_generator.php?src=phpBB/gallery/images/cache/73dc862faaf0baa2245fdc9fb62c6ea9.jpg&r=223&g=246&b=216 "Meadow Brown - imago - St Marys, Isles of Scilly - Unknown date [Adrian Riley]") |
Female Underside
Photo © Adrian Riley |
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There is one generation each year and the flight period can be quite protracted, with adults being seen from the middle of June to the end of September in most years. Subspecies: Maniola jurtina insularis 
Subspecies: Maniola jurtina splendida 
Subspecies: Maniola jurtina iernes 
Subspecies: Maniola jurtina cassiteridum 
The chart(s) above have been correlated with the phenology plot below, taken from the UK Butterfly Monitoring Scheme. The blue line gives average counts over the full data set from 1976 to date, and the red line gives the average for the last year. 
The butterfly can be found in almost any grassy habitat, especially grasslands where the sward is of a medium height, where populations can reach thousands. Even in heavily-grazed meadows, the butterfly can usually be found around the field margins. Typical habitats include grassland, woodland rides, field margins, hedgerows, road verges and even overgrown gardens.
The primary larval foodplants are Bents (various) (Agrostis spp.), Cock's-foot (Dactylis glomerata), Downy Oat-grass (Helictotrichon pubescens), False Brome (Brachypodium sylvaticum), Fescues (various) (Festuca spp.) and Meadow-grasses (various) (Poa spp.).
Adults feed primarily on Bramble (Rubus fruticosus), Buttercups (Ranunculus spp.), Carline Thistle (Carlina vulgaris), Devil's-bit Scabious (Succisa pratensis), Fleabane (Pulicaria dysenterica), Hemp Agrimony (Eupatorium cannabinum), Knapweeds (Centaurea spp.), Marjoram (Origanum vulgare), Privet (Ligustrum vulgare), Ragwort (Senecio jacobaea), Selfheal (Prunella vulgaris), Teasel (Dipsacus fullonum), Thistles (Cirsium spp. and Carduus spp.) and Yarrow (Achillea millefolium).
The male is the most active of the two sexes and finds a mate either by patrolling, or by investigating any butterfly that flies past his perch. Females, on the other hand, are normally only active when nectaring or egg-laying and spend most of their time resting near the ground. Here they sit camouflaged, with wings closed and forewings tucked beneath the hindwings. When disturbed, they raise their forewings to reveal a large eye spot that must appear somewhat threatening to any predator. Both sexes typically roost on low vegetation, within tall grass clumps, but may also use bushes, trees and hedges. Early morning is a good time to see this species, as it sits with its wings outstretched, warming up in the early morning sun. Once warmed up the adults take to the wing and will even fly in dull weather, including light drizzle, so long as the temperature is sufficiently high. Both sexes are avid nectar feeders, and use a variety of nectar sources, especially Knapweed, Thistle and Bramble. Courtship between male and female is brief. The male showers the female with scent scales from his sex brands which act as an aphrodisiac that seduces the female and mating quickly follows. After a couple of days the female starts to lay her batch of several hundred eggs. For some unexplained reason, this species occasionally pairs with other species, such as the Gatekeeper, although no offspring result. Subspecies: Maniola jurtina insularis
Subspecies: Maniola jurtina splendida
Subspecies: Maniola jurtina iernes
Subspecies: Maniola jurtina cassiteridum
Description to be completed. Unclassified Aberrations
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![Meadow Brown (m) ssp insularis ab anommata (Verity 1904) 100dpi W Green Wood 080729 9247 [David Newland]](image_generator.php?src=phpBB/gallery/images/cache/c43104063ad2d85301999cd5a3281f39.jpg&r=223&g=246&b=216 "Meadow Brown (m) ssp insularis ab anommata (Verity 1904) 100dpi W Green Wood 080729 9247 [David Newland]") |
Photo © David Newland
29-Jul-2008 |
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The spherical eggs are light brown with dark brown blotches, turning grey before hatching. They are laid singly either on the foodplant or nearby vegetation and are occasionally simply ejected into vegetation by a perching female. A bout of egg laying often results in several eggs being laid in the same vicinity. Eggs hatch in 2 to 4 weeks, depending on temperature.
After hatching, the brown larva eats its eggshell, gradually turning green as it feeds on grasses. This species overwinters as a larva, hidden away at the base of a grass clump, but will continue to feed if the weather is warm enough. Young larvae feed by day, although more mature larvae tend to feed at night resting head down on a grass stem during the day, deep in the vegetation. The larvae are sensitive to any vibration, and will fall to the ground if disturbed. There are 5 moults in total.
The pupa is formed low down in vegetation, suspended by the cremaster that is invariably attached to the old larval skin. This stage lasts between 3 and 4 weeks.
Description to be completed.
Click here to see the distribution of this species overlaid with specific site information. Alternatively, select one of the sites listed below. |
| Aberffraw Dunes, Arnside Knott, Arthur's Seat, Ashampstead Common, Aspal Close, Aston Rowant NNR, Aylesbeare Common, Badbury Rings, Banstead Woods, Bedfont Lakes Country Park LNR, Bovey Valley Woodlands, Bryncelyn Hall, Chatteris, Cross Hill Quarry, Cuerden Valley Park, Denbies Hillside, Devil's Ditch, Durlston Country Park, Eakring Meadows Nature Reserve, Epping Forest, Fleam Dyke, Glenarm, Gwrelych Valley, Higher Hyde, Howardian Local Nature Reserve, Hutton Roof Crags, Kinghorn Loch Path, Latterbarrow, Latton Woods, Lavernock, Mansmead wood, Mayford Pond, Meanwood Park, Mill Hill, Millenium Arboretum, Moors Valley Country Park, Moss Field, Mynydd Marian, Nupend Wood, Old Down, Basingstoke, Parc Penallta, Redscar and Tunbrook Woods, Rookery, St Abbs Head, Sutton Bingham Reservoir, Tophill Low, Viking Field/LesleySears, Winsdon Hill |
This butterfly is stable throughout its range and it is not, therefore, a species of conservation concern. |
| Not Listed |  | |
From The State of Butterflies in Britain and Ireland and the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (UK BAP) (2007 review).
The following links provide additional information on this butterfly.
The species description provided here has been derived from the author's own observations and the information contained in the following works:
- Asher (2001). Asher, J., Warren, M., Fox, R., Harding, P., Jeffcoate, G. and Jeffcoate, S.: The Millennium Atlas of Butterflies in Britain and Ireland. 2001.
- Fox (2006). Fox, R., Asher, J., Brereton, T., Roy, D. and Warren, M.: The State of Butterflies in Britain and Ireland. 2006.
- Frohawk (1914). Frohawk, F.W.: A Natural History of British Butterflies. 1914.
- Howarth (1973). Howarth, T.G.: South's British Butterflies. 1973.
- Nash (2012). Nash, D., Boyd, T. and Hardiman, D.: Ireland's Butterflies: A Review. 2012.
- Riley (2007). Riley, A.M.: British and Irish Butterflies: The Complete Identification, Field and Site Guide to the Species, Subspecies and Forms. 2007.
- South (1906). South, R.: The Butterflies Of The British Isles. 1906.
- Thomas & Lewington (2010). Thomas, J. and Lewington, R.: The Butterflies of Britain and Ireland. Edn.2. 2010.
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![Meadow Brown - imago - Ardnamurchan - Unknown date [Adrian Riley]](phpBB/gallery/images/upload/3963993d09de98f30e0ab19912d9b464.jpg "Meadow Brown - imago - Ardnamurchan - Unknown date [Adrian Riley]")
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![Meadow Brown - aberration - Bannerdown - 02-Aug-05 (2) [Graham Smith]](phpBB/gallery/images/upload/4cc24813f703492ef2484030975da258.jpg "Meadow Brown - aberration - Bannerdown - 02-Aug-05 (2) [Graham Smith]")
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![Meadow Brown - aberration - nr Bathampton - 09-Aug-06 [Simon Crampin]](phpBB/gallery/images/upload/ca05dade56012e480d7c212ca814577b.jpg "Meadow Brown - aberration - nr Bathampton - 09-Aug-06 [Simon Crampin]")
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![Meadow Brown (m) ssp insularis ab anommata (Verity 1904) 100dpi W Green Wood 080729 9247 [David Newland]](phpBB/gallery/images/upload/c43104063ad2d85301999cd5a3281f39.jpg "Meadow Brown (m) ssp insularis ab anommata (Verity 1904) 100dpi W Green Wood 080729 9247 [David Newland]")
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![Meadow Brown - ovum - Godrevy, Cornwall - 22-Jul-05 [Colin Baker]](phpBB/gallery/images/upload/361b4ef9312d43911dc84178e97556ce.jpg "Meadow Brown - ovum - Godrevy, Cornwall - 22-Jul-05 [Colin Baker]")
![Meadow Brown - ovum - Unknown location - Unknown date (2) [REARED] [Reg Fry]](phpBB/gallery/images/upload/0ad39fa352ef4e83ffc9b04f5cae2cf6.jpg "Meadow Brown - ovum - Unknown location - Unknown date (2) [REARED] [Reg Fry]")
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![Meadow Brown - pupa - Unknown location - Unknown date (2) [REARED] [Ben Smart]](phpBB/gallery/images/upload/b4700c6575d8d96fe261b7a65791c7d8.jpg "Meadow Brown - pupa - Unknown location - Unknown date (2) [REARED] [Ben Smart]")
